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BACKGROUND@#Current guidelines recommend hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening in high-risk populations. However, the ideal HCC screening interval and screening modality have not been determined. This study aimed to compare the screening efficacy among different modalities with various intervals.@*METHODS@#PubMed and other nine databases were searched through June 30, 2021. Binary outcomes were pooled using risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Survival rates were also pooled using RR with 95% CIs because most eligible studies only provided the number of survival patients instead of hazard ratio.@*RESULTS@#In all, 13 studies were included. Two random controlled trials (RCTs) and six cohort studies compared screening intervals for ultrasonography (US) screening and found no significant differences between shorter (3- or 4-month) and longer (6- or 12-month) screening intervals in terms of early HCC proportion, HCC significant mortality, 1-year survival rate; screening at 6-month interval significantly increased the proportion of early HCC (RR = 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-1.26) and prolonged the 5-year survival rate (RR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.07-1.82) relative to the 12-month interval results. Three other RCTs and two cohort studies compared different screening modalities in cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis B, which indicated no statistical differences in the proportion of early HCC (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.40-1.96) and HCC mortality (RR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.23-2.09) between the biannual US and annual computed tomography (CT screening). Biannual US screening showed a lower proportion of early HCC than biannual magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (RR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.37-0.97) and biannual US combined with annual CT (RR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.13-1.51) screening. The proportion of early HCC in the contrast-enhanced US group was slightly higher than that in the B-mode US (RR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.00-1.23) group.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The evidence suggests that 6 months may be the best HCC screening interval for US screening. The effectiveness of CT and MRI is better than US during same screening intervals. However, MRI and CT are more expensive than US, and CT also can increase the risk of radiation exposure. The selection of CT or MRI instead of US should be carefully considered.@*REGISTRATION@#No. CRD42020148258 at PROSPERO website ( https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ ).
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Humans , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology , Liver Neoplasms/pathology , Liver Cirrhosis/complications , Risk Factors , Cohort StudiesABSTRACT
This paper summarizes the Risk of Bias of Individual Studies in Systematic Reviews of Health Care Interventions revised by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and introduces how to use Revman software make risk of bias graph or risk of bias summary.AHRQ tool can be used to evaluate following study designs:RCTs,cohort study,case-control study (including nested case-control),case series study and cross-sectional study.The tool evaluates the risk of bias of individual studies from selection bias,performance bias,attrition bias,detection bias and reporting bias.Each of the bias domains contains different items,and each item is available for the assessment of one or more study designs.It is worth noting that the appropriate items should be selected for evaluation different study designs instead of using all items to directly assess the risk of bias.AHRQ tool can be used to evaluate risk of bias individual studies when systematic reviews of health care interventions is including different study designs.Moreover,the tool items are relatively easy to understand and the assessment process is not complicated.AHRQ recommends the use of high,medium and low risk classification methods to assess the overall risk of bias of individual studies.However,AHRQ gives no recommendations on how to determine the overall bias grade.It is expected that future research will give corresponding recommendations.
ABSTRACT
This paper summarizes the Risk of Bias of Individual Studies in Systematic Reviews of Health Care Interventions revised by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and introduces how to use Revman software make risk of bias graph or risk of bias summary.AHRQ tool can be used to evaluate following study designs:RCTs,cohort study,case-control study (including nested case-control),case series study and cross-sectional study.The tool evaluates the risk of bias of individual studies from selection bias,performance bias,attrition bias,detection bias and reporting bias.Each of the bias domains contains different items,and each item is available for the assessment of one or more study designs.It is worth noting that the appropriate items should be selected for evaluation different study designs instead of using all items to directly assess the risk of bias.AHRQ tool can be used to evaluate risk of bias individual studies when systematic reviews of health care interventions is including different study designs.Moreover,the tool items are relatively easy to understand and the assessment process is not complicated.AHRQ recommends the use of high,medium and low risk classification methods to assess the overall risk of bias of individual studies.However,AHRQ gives no recommendations on how to determine the overall bias grade.It is expected that future research will give corresponding recommendations.
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Sex differences are widely observed under various circumstances ranging from physiological processes to therapeutic responses, and a myriad of sex-biased genes have been identified. In recent years, transcriptomic datasets of microRNAs (miRNAs), an important class of non-coding RNAs, become increasingly accessible. However, comprehensive analysis of sex difference in miRNA expression has not been performed. Here, we identified the differentially-expressed miRNAs between males and females by examining the transcriptomic datasets available in public databases and conducted a systemic analysis of their biological characteristics. Consequently, we identified 73 female-biased miRNAs (FmiRs) and 163 male-biased miRNAs (MmiRs) across four tissues including brain, colorectal mucosa, peripheral blood, and cord blood. Our results suggest that compared to FmiRs, MmiRs tend to be clustered in the human genome and exhibit higher evolutionary rate, higher expression tissue specificity, and lower disease spectrum width. In addition, functional enrichment analysis of miRNAs show that FmiR genes are significantly associated with metabolism process and cell cycle process, whereas MmiR genes tend to be enriched for functions like histone modification and circadian rhythm. In all, the identification and analysis of sex-biased miRNAs together could provide new insights into the biological differences between females and males and facilitate the exploration of sex-biased disease susceptibility and therapy.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Biological Evolution , Genome, Human , MicroRNAs , Blood , Genetics , Organ Specificity , Sex Characteristics , TranscriptomeABSTRACT
In this study, we used next-generation sequencing methods to screen 300 individuals for BRCA1 and BRCA2. A novel mutation (c.849dupT) in BRCA2 was identified in a female patient and her unaffected brothers. This mutation leads to the truncation of BRCA2 functional domains. Moreover, BRCA2 mRNA expression levels in mutation carriers are significantly reduced compared to noncarriers. Immunofluorescence and western blot assays showed that this mutation resulted in reduced BRCA2 protein expression. Thus, we identified a novel mutation that damaged the function and expression of BRCA2 in a family with breast cancer history. The pedigree analysis suggested that this mutation is strongly associated with familial breast cancer. Genetic counsellors suggest that mutation carriers in this family undergo routine screening for breast cancer, as well as other malignancies, such as prostate and ovarian cancer. The effects of this BRCA2 mutation on drug resistance should be taken into consideration during treatment.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Blotting, Western , BRCA2 Protein , Breast Neoplasms , Breast , Drug Resistance , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Genes, BRCA2 , High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing , Mass Screening , Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay , Ovarian Neoplasms , Pedigree , Prostate , RNA, Messenger , SiblingsABSTRACT
Objective To theoretically study the non-invasive measurement method of blood hemoglobin in vivo based on the time-resolved approach combined with occlusion spectroscopy.Methods The dynamic dual wavelength time-resolved transmission was analyzed based on the artificial blood flow kinetics condition on a human finger model.The sensitivity of hemoglobin measurement was improved by Laplace transforming of time-domain data.The method was validated using hemoglobin with a mass concentration range of 6～16 g/dl.Results The simulation results showed that compared with the continuous wave method,the time-resolved method could provide higher detection sensitivity using Laplace transform parameter p =5 × 1010 s-1.Conclusions The sensitivity of hemoglobin measurement can be enhanced when early arriving photons are emphasized by Laplace transformingthe time-resolved transmission with a small positive parameter.
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Repair of peripheral nerve injury is an important topic in the field of neural tissue rehabilitation research.At present there are many new technologies that can realize the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.As the research on the effect of laser radiation on biological mechanism develops,a new method for tissue regeneration is applied to the field of nerve injury repair.This paper is mainly centered on the recovery mechanism of low-level laser radiation,the function recovery after peripheral nerve injury and nerve tissue scarring inhibition.The new progress of laser treatment and nerve injury repair are reviewed.
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Objective In order to further improve the noninvasive measurement precision of human blood glucose and achieve clinical requirements,experiments were conducted to measure human blood glucose by a novel measurement method our group proposed.Methods The blood flow of the tested parts was stopped by pressure,and dynamic distribution of transmission spectra was measured by time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) technology under the dual wavelength light incident.Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted on three human subjects,and the early arriving photons were selected by Laplace transform.Meanwhile,the human blood glucose concentration was measured using the Roche glucose meter.Results The best curve fitting was got when the Laplace parameter was 1Gs-1 (determining parameter R2=0.0922).Conclusions The experimental results showed that better measurement accuracy can be obtained by selecting appropriate Laplace parameter,and noninvasive measurement of human blood glucose under flow control of time gate was feasible.
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A novel near-infrared (NIR) diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) has recently been developed for noninvasive monitoring of tumor blood flow during photodynamic therapy (PDT).DCS offers several attractive new features for tumor blood flow measurement such as noninvasiveness,portability,low cost,high temporal resolution and relatively large penetration depth.DCS technology has been utilized for continuous measurement of tumor blood flow before,during and after PDT in both animals and humans.The ultimate goal is to predict treatment outcomes from the measured tumor hemodynamic responses to PDT.
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ObjectiveTo study the feasibility of analyzing photosensitizers absorbing process by cells based on image processing technology.MethodsFluorescence images of Laryngeal cells were taken by inverted fluorescence microscope after adding photosensitizers for a certain time.Parameter L that reflects the fluorescence intensity of cells in different times was obtained and the calculation results were compared.ResultsThe fluorescence intensity of cells increased over time.Sobel operater and Otsu algorithm can both reflect the fluorescence intensity of images.ConclusionImage processing technology can effectively analyzes the process of photosensitizers absorbed by cells.
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Objective To research and design a kind of high accuracy laser power density meter to measure laser power density in clinical medicine,in order to combine laser with clinical medicine well.Methods The pyroelectric detector was used to convert the laser signal to available electrical signal,preamplifier filter circuit and control circuit were designed to match the detector,and C was used for software programming.With the combination of hardware and software design,a high precision laser power density meter was developed,which was based on AVR microcontroller.Results The instrument could measure the minimum 1 mW/cm2 of laser power density accurately and the error rate was 2％,which met the requirements of the laser power density meter parameters in medical application.Conclusion The power density meter has a high precision,small error rate and good stability,and it can measure the laser power density accurately.
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Prostaglandin E_2(PGE_2)is one of the major metabolic products of arachidonic acid.PGE_2 plays important roles in various important physiological processes by binding to its G protein-coupled receptors designated EP1,EP2,EP3,and EP4,respectively.EP receptors are highly expressed in the kidney and cardiovascular system,and PGE2-mediated activation of EP receptors plays important roles in the regulation of blood pressure.The abnormal expression of EP receptors in the kidney and cardiovascular system is associated with some blood pressure disease such as salt-sensitive hypertension,renal hypertension,and myocardial hypertrophy.